BPVM Snack Pack #17 - Function Calls in Bytecode: The Calling Convention

TL;DR — Blueprint function calls compile to EX_CallFunction bytecode, where the VM allocates a temporary parameter buffer, copies every input into it, executes the function, then copies the return value back. This copying overhead—worst for large structs like FHitResult—is why Blueprint runs slower than C++. References and out parameters pass addresses to avoid copies, and delegates use the separate EX_CallMulticastDelegate opcode.

The content in this post is based on Unreal Engine 5.6.0

BPVM Snack Pack - Quick Blueprint knowledge drops! Part of the Blueprint to Bytecode series.

The Function Call Problem

You call PrintString("Hello"). Simple, right?

Under the hood, the VM needs to:

1. Find the function
2. Copy parameters to function’s stack
3. Call the function
4. Copy return value back
5. Clean up the stack

It’s way more complex than it looks!

The Bytecode Anatomy

Here’s what a function call becomes:

$44: EX_CallFunction (FFrame::Step)
    $8: Function pointer → PrintString
    // Parameters start
    $1F: String "Hello"              // Parameter 1
    $B: EX_Nothing                   // End of params
    // Now execute function

Let’s break it down!

Step 1: Function Identification

$44: EX_CallFunction
    $8: Function PrintString

The VM needs to:

UFunction* Function = ReadPointerFromScript();
// Now we know WHAT to call

Step 2: Parameter Space Allocation

// Allocate temporary parameter buffer
uint8* ParamBuffer = (uint8*)FMemory_Alloca(Function->ParmsSize);

// Initialize to zero
FMemory::Memzero(ParamBuffer, Function->ParmsSize);

The VM creates a temporary stack frame for parameters!

Step 3: Parameter Copying

For each parameter:

// Blueprint
PrintString("Hello", true, FLinearColor::Red)

// Bytecode
$44: EX_CallFunction
    $8: PrintString
    $1F: String "Hello"          // Copy string
    $27: Bool true               // Copy bool
    $3A: Struct FLinearColor     // Copy struct
    $B: EX_Nothing

Each parameter is copied into the parameter buffer!

Step 4: The Actual Call

// ProcessInternal is the VM's function executor
Function->ProcessInternal(Stack, ParamBuffer);

// Inside ProcessInternal:
if (Function->IsNative()) {
    // Call C++ function
    Function->Invoke(Context, ParamBuffer);
} else {
    // Execute Blueprint bytecode
    ProcessScriptFunction(Context, Function);
}

Native functions jump to C++, Blueprint functions execute more bytecode!

Step 5: Return Value Handling

// Blueprint
Result = Add(5, 10)

// Bytecode
$44: EX_CallFunction
    $8: Add
    $1C: Int 5           // Param 1
    $1C: Int 10          // Param 2
    $B: EX_Nothing
// Return value copied to Result variable
$F: Let                  // Assignment
    $0: Local Result     // Target

Return values are copied back to your variable!

The Hidden Cost: Copying

Every parameter and return value is copied:

// C++ (fast - no copy)
PrintString(MyString);  // Pass by const reference

// Blueprint (slower - must copy)
ParamBuffer.MyString = CopyString(MyString);
PrintString(ParamBuffer.MyString);
Result = CopyString(ParamBuffer.ReturnValue);

This is why Blueprint is slower than C++!

Struct Parameters Are Expensive

// Passing a large struct
CallFunction(FHitResult)

// VM must:
CopyStruct(FHitResult, 200+ bytes)  // Expensive!
CallFunction()
CopyStruct(ReturnValue, 200+ bytes) // Expensive!

Large structs = lots of copying!

Reference Parameters

Some functions use references to avoid copying:

// C++ signature
void ModifyActor(AActor*& OutActor);

// Bytecode
$44: EX_CallFunction
    $8: ModifyActor
    $0: Reference to Local OutActor  // No copy! Just pointer!
    $B: EX_Nothing

References are pointers, not copies (much faster)!

The Parameter Stack

The VM maintains a parameter stack:

// Nested calls
A( B( C(5) ) )

// Stack grows:
Push 5         // For C
Call C()
Push result    // For B
Call B()
Push result    // For A
Call A()
Pop result     // Final result

Deep call chains = deeper stack!

Out Parameters

Functions with multiple outputs:

// Blueprint
GetPlayerController() → Controller, Index

// Bytecode
$44: EX_CallFunction
    $8: GetPlayerController
    // Out parameters are addresses!
    $0: Address of Controller    // Where to write result 1
    $1: Address of Index          // Where to write result 2
    $B: EX_Nothing

Out parameters receive addresses, not values!

Delegate Calls Are Special

// Delegate call
MyDelegate.Broadcast(Param)

// Bytecode
$46: EX_CallMulticastDelegate  // Different opcode!
    $0: Delegate MyDelegate
    $1F: Param value
    $B: EX_Nothing

Delegates use special opcodes because they call multiple functions!

Quick Takeaway

• Function calls become EX_CallFunction bytecode
• All parameters are copied to temporary buffer
• Return values are copied back
• Large structs are expensive (lots of copying!)
• References avoid copying (use pointers instead)
• Out parameters receive addresses
• Native functions jump to C++, Blueprint functions execute more bytecode
• Deep call chains create deep stacks

The Hidden Overhead

Every time you call a Blueprint function, the VM:

1. Allocates parameter space
2. Copies all inputs
3. Executes function
4. Copies return value
5. Cleans up stack

This overhead is why Blueprint is slower than C++ - not because the logic is slow, but because parameter passing has overhead!

Want More Details?

For complete function call breakdown with examples:

• From Blueprint to Bytecode V - Function Call Analysis

Next: Why Blueprint is inherently slower than C++!

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🍿 BPVM Snack Pack Series

• ← #16: Reading Bytecode
• #17: Function Calls in Bytecode ← You are here
• #18: Why Blueprint is Slower →

Cite this post

Jayden Zhang. “BPVM Snack Pack #17 - Function Calls in Bytecode: The Calling Convention.” Jayden Zhang’s Blog, October 28, 2025. https://www.jaydengames.com/posts/bpvm-snack-17-function-calls/

BibTeX

@misc{bpvm-snack-17-function-calls2025,
  author = {Jayden Zhang},
  title  = {BPVM Snack Pack #17 - Function Calls in Bytecode: The Calling Convention},
  year   = {2025},
  url    = {https://www.jaydengames.com/posts/bpvm-snack-17-function-calls/},
  note   = {Jayden Zhang’s Blog}
}